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Lena ("Lee") Levine (May 17, 1903 – January 9, 1965) was an American psychiatrist and gynecologist. She was a pioneering figure in the development of both marriage counseling and birth control. She was a close colleague of Margaret Sanger.〔"Lena Levine Dies; Psychiatrist, 61; Marriage Adviser Was Active in Planned Parenthood", ''New York Times'', Jan 11, 1965. p. 45.〕 At the time of her death she was director of the Margaret Sanger Research Bureau of New York and consulting gynecologist at the hygiene clinic of Brooklyn Jewish Hospital.〔〔Seymour "Sy" Brody, (Lena Levine ), originally in ''Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America: 150 True Stories of American Jewish Heroism'' (1996), Lifetime Books, Inc., Hollywood, Florida. Much of Brody's information appears to come from her ''Times'' obituary. Accessed 9 April 2006.〕 Among the views expressed in her writings a lectures were advocacy women's right to sexual enjoyment, free access to birth control, and frank discussion of sexual techniques. One of her concepts was "an annual checkup on marriage" comparable to a medical checkup.〔〔"'Checkup on Marriage' Urged by Psychiatrist", ''New York Times'', Feb 6, 1960. p. 22.〕 Her frank advocacy of sex education and her openly positive view of pre-marital sex have made her a target of sexual conservatives to this day.〔See, for example, (Margaret Sanger, Founder of Planned Parenthood, In Her Own Words ), on the site of Diane Dew, which quotes Levine: "... to be ready as educators and parents to help young people obtain sex satisfaction before marriage. By sanctioning sex before marriage we will prevent fear and guilt. We must also relieve those who have these ... feelings, and we must be ready to provide young boys and girls with the best contraceptive measures available so they will have the necessary means to achieve sexual satisfaction without having to risk possible pregnancy." ("Psycho-Sexual Development," quoted in ''Planned Parenthood News'', Summer 1953, pg. 10). Accessed 9 April 2006.〕 ==Life== She was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in Brooklyn's Brownsville neighborhood. Her parents Sophie and Morris H. Levine were Russian Jews from Lithuania who immigrated to the United States in the 1890s. Morris was a successful clothing manufacturer.〔〔〔"LEVINE, Lena" in Sicherman, Barbara and Green, Carol Hurd, eds., ''Notable American Women: The Modern Period'' (1980), Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-62733-4. p. 419-420.〕 Levine attended New York City Public Schools including Brooklyn's Girls High School; she received her A.B. degree from Hunter College (1923) and her M.D. from Bellevue Medical College (1927). She married fellow medical student Louis Ferber, who became a general practitioner while she became a gynecologist and obstetrician. Both did their residencies at the Brooklyn Jewish Hospital. She always used her maiden name professionally, somewhat unusual for the era.〔 She then went on to study psychiatry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University.〔〔 She gave birth to two children. Ellen (born 1939) would eventually become an academic and small press publisher; along with Len Fulton, at Dustbooks, in the 1970s and 1980s, Ellen edited and published directories of small presses that led to the definition of small presses as a well-defined sector of American and international publishing.〔( Unknown Diversity: Small Presses and Little Magazines in the West, 1960–1980 ). Texas Christian University Press, 1998. Accessed 9 April 2006.〕 Michael (born 1942), had a severe viral encephalitis as an infant, which left him mentally retarded; from the age of five he was institutionalized; Levine visited him regularly for the rest of her life.〔〔 Levine's husband, Louis Ferber died prematurely in 1942 of a heart attack. With her husband's death and her son's retardation, she gave up obstetrics, at least in part because, as a single mother, she did not want to have to deal with the need to run off suddenly to attend to births. Her housekeeper, Pearl Harrison, helped raise Ellen, and remained with the family until Levine died.〔〔 Her interests also turned at this time to Freudian psychotherapy. She underwent analysis with Sándor Radó and opened a private practice at 30 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, while continuing her gynecological practice in Brooklyn, where she lived; she would eventually move to a brownstone in Greenwich Village and consolidate her practice.〔 Levine's interest in birth control dated from the 1920s, when she had met Margaret Sanger. In the 1930s she worked for the Birth Control Federation of America (later Planned Parenthood Federation of America) and became medical secretary of the International Planned Parenthood Federation based in London, and worked at the Margaret Sanger Research Bureau, where she became the assistant director under Abraham Stone. Sicherman and Green say that she was "probably more prominent as an international advocate for birth control than she was in the United States." 〔 At the time she was becoming a psychoanalyst, she was already involved in marriage counseling. She was in a practice with Hannah and Abraham Stone, authors of ''A Marriage Manual'' (1935). After Hannah's 1941 death, Levine and Abraham Stone organized the first U.S. group counseling program on sex and contraception, under the sponsorship of Planned Parenthood. She later went on to run group therapy sessions for sexual problems and, according to Brody, "ran a consultant bureau for pregnant women."〔〔 Sicherman and Green in ''Notable American Women'' say more straightforwardly that the Special Consultation Bureau included abortion referrals, illegal at the time.〔 An author and lecturer, who made quite a few appearances on American television〔See, for example, (Archival Television and Audio, Inc. ) (accessed 9 April 2006), which lists as #628 and #688 two appearances on the ''Les Crane Show'' on the topic of "The Frigid Wife". She apparently appeared on television as early as April 10, 1952, according to that day's listing in the ''New York Times'' (p.43). From that time until her death, her appearances are rather frequent.〕 and radio, her works included five books on marriage and sex problems (some of them with co-authors) and many pamphlets and papers on women's medical and psychological problems, both for lay and professional audiences, the topics that she wrote about.〔〔 Her work was cited in Ernest Gräfenberg's original paper on the G-spot.〔Ernest Gräfenberg, M.D., (The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm ), originally published 1950 in the ''International Journal of Sexology''. Accessed online 9 April 2006.〕 Politically, she was an ardent New Dealer; Sicherman and Green describe her as "sympathetic as well to socialist ideas." In 1964, she was one of the 100 women invited by then-Peace Corps director Sargent Shriver for a conference on Lyndon Johnson's anti-poverty program.〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lena Levine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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